What Is a Tondo?

A circular painting or carved relief born in Renaissance Florence, and the hardest shape in art to get right.

A tondo is a painting or a relief made in the shape of a circle. The form became fashionable in Florence in the fifteenth century, mostly for images of the Madonna, the Virgin Mary, holding the Christ Child, which wealthy families hung in their homes.

A famous example is Michelangelo's Doni Tondo, a Holy Family painted for a Florentine merchant and now in the Uffizi, the city's great museum of paintings.

Doni Tondo by Michelangelo: Mary twists to take the Christ Child from Joseph, nude figures behind them
Michelangelo, Holy Family (the Doni Tondo), 1505 to 1506, tempera grassa on wood. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Photo: Yair Haklai, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The name is short for rotondo, Italian for round. English has kept both the Italian word and its Italian plural, tondi.


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Why a circle is hard to paint

Bartolini Tondo by Filippo Lippi: the Virgin and Child in front, small scenes from the life of Saint Anne behind
Filippo Lippi, Madonna and Child with Scenes from the Life of Saint Anne (the Bartolini Tondo), 1452. Palatine Gallery, Pitti Palace, Florence.

In the Doni Tondo, Mary sits on the ground and twists back over her shoulder to take the Christ Child from Saint Joseph, who is behind her…


What You'll Discover

  • Which household object the round format came from.

  • Why the circle suited the Virgin Mary.

  • Glazed babies on a Florentine hospital.

  • A marble Michelangelo left unfinished.

  • How Raphael made the circle look natural.

  • A rectangle that was cut into a circle.


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